Typhoid

Typhoid fever is a bacterial infection caused by Salmonellae Terica serotype Typhi. It affects the gastrointestinal system and is typically contracted through consumption of contaminated food or water. Typhoid fever can lead to severe illness if left untreated, and timely diagnosis and treatment are crucial for recovery.

Risk Factors:

• Poor Sanitation
• Contaminated Food or Water
• Close Contact with Infected Individuals
• Travel to Endemic Areas
• Weakened Immune System

Symptoms:

• High fever that gradually increases over several days
• Abdominal pain and discomfort
• Weakness and fatigue
• Headache
• Loss of appetite
• Diarrhea or constipation
• Rash (rose spots, small pink spots on the chest and abdomen)
• Enlarged spleen or liver in severe cases 

Prevention and Early Detection:

• Vaccination: The typhoid vaccine provides protection against Salmonella Typhi and is recommended for travelers to endemic areas
• Safe Drinking Water: Ensuring access to clean, treated water and avoiding consumption of unclean water or ice
• Proper Food Hygiene: Washing hands thoroughly and ensuring food is cooked well to prevent contamination
• Handwashing: Regular handwashing, especially before eating and after using the bathroom, can reduce the risk of infection
• Antibiotic Prophylaxis: In some cases, a doctor may prescribe antibiotics to prevent infection in high-risk individuals, such as healthcare workers or travelers 

Diagnosis and Staging:

• Widal Test: A serological blood test used to detect antibodies against Salmonella Typhi
• Blood Culture: The gold standard for diagnosing typhoid fever. Blood is cultured to identify the presence of Salmonella Typhi
• Stool Culture: Used to detect Salmonella Typhi in stool samples, especially in chronic carriers
• Complete Blood Count (CBC): Can show an elevated white blood cell count, which may indicate infection

Why Regular Screening Matters?

Screening helps detect typhoid fever early, especially in high-risk individuals. The Widal test can indicate possible exposure, but blood cultures confirm the diagnosis. Early treatment with antibiotics can prevent severe complications.