Cervical Cancer

Cervical cancer is mainly caused by long-term infection with HPV (human papillomavirus) that begins in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It is usually transmitted through sexual contact. In its early stages, it doesn’t cause noticeable symptoms, making regular screenings like Pap smears and HPV tests essential for early detection and effective treatment.

Risk Factors:

• Persistent HPV infection
• Smoking
• Weakened immune system (e.g., HIV or immunosuppressive treatments)
• Multiple sexual partners
• Not attending regular Cervical screening (Pap smears or HPV tests)

Symptoms:

• Abnormal vaginal bleeding after sex, between periods, or after menopause
• Unusual vaginal discharge, often with a bad smell or blood
• Pain during sex or pelvic pain

 Prevention and Early Detection:

• HPV vaccination for both girls and boys at age 12-13 to protect against the most common cancer-causing strains.
• Cervical screening (Pap smear) is recommended for women aged 25 to 64 to detect abnormal cell changes early.
• HPV tests may also be used to check for high-risk strains of HPV.

Diagnosis and Staging:

• Pap smears and HPV tests to detect abnormal cells or HPV infection.
• Further tests like colposcopy, biopsy, and imaging (CT scan, MRI) may be used to diagnose cancer and determine its stage.

Why Regular Screening Matters?

Early detection through cervical screening and vaccination can help prevent cervical cancer. It is highly treatable when diagnosed early.